[USA] FERC approves ISO-NE plan to end MOPR

On May 27, 2022, in a 4-1[1] vote, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission approved ISO New England’s (ISO-NE) plan to phase out its minimum offer price rule (MOPR) over two years.[2] A MOPR sets a floor price for bids in a capacity market to prevent resources from bidding artificially low prices. ISO-NE, which oversees grid operations in Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont, submitted the proposal to end its MOPR on March 31, 2022. ISO-NE proposed ending the MOPR in 2025. The transition will exempt up to 700 MW of qualified state-supported capacity (about 2,000 MW of nameplate capacity) from the MOPR over the next two capacity auctions. According to ISO-NE, adopting a two-year transition will help maintain reliability. The grid operator said that an immediate elimination of the MOPR could cause the retirement of existing capacity resources before state-sponsored resources are commercially available and able to replace the retiring resources.

FERC said the proposal “strikes a reasonable balance among the different considerations raised here, including efforts to ensure resource adequacy, minimize potential adverse effects on reliability that could result from an immediate change to the market rules, promote market certainty, and limit the costs associated with over-mitigation.” In his concurring statement, FERC Chairman Richard Glick said he wished the grid operator had proposed ending the MOPR immediately but stated that he understood that the New England states did not oppose ISO-NE’s proposal. He also urged ISO-NE to quickly develop “a capacity accreditation proposal to ensure that the [forward capacity market] is accurately valuing the capacity contribution of all resources.”

[1] Chairman Richard Glick (D), Commissioner Allison Clements (D), Commissioner Willie Phillips (D), and Commissioner Mark Christie (R) voted for the proposal. Commissioner James Danly (R) dissented.

[2] https://elibrary.ferc.gov/eLibrary/filedownload?fileid=8af6af9e-2c5f-c7bf-92cd-81084af00000

[USA] Sempra Infrastructure, TotalEnergies, Mitsui, Mitsubishi plan large CCS project in Louisiana

On May 23, 2022, Sempra Infrastructure, a subsidiary of Sempra, announced that it had signed a participation agreement with TotalEnergies, Mitsui, and Mitsubishi for the development of the proposed Hackberry Carbon Sequestration (HCS) project in southwest Louisiana.[1] The HCS project aims to capture and store carbon dioxide from the Cameron LNG facility near Hackberry, Louisiana. Last year, the project filed an application with the Environmental Protection Agency for permanent storage of up to 2 million tons of carbon dioxide per year, either from the Cameron LNG facility as the “anchor source” or potentially from other industrial facilities in the area. According to the announcement, the development of the project is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, such as securing all necessary permits. “We are excited to welcome new investment from Sempra Infrastructure and its partners in support of our state’s emissions reduction plans,” said Louisiana Governor John Bel Edwards (D).

[1] https://semprainfrastructure.com/news-and-events/news-releases/sempra-infrastructure-signs-participation-agreement-with-totalenergies-mitsui-mitsubishi-for-carbon-sequestration-project-in-louisiana

[USA] Venture Global announces $13.2 billion in financing for first U.S. LNG project in 3 years

On May 25, 2022, Venture Global LNG announced that it had secured $13.2 billion in financing for the initial phase of its Plaquemines LNG facility in Louisiana and the associated Gator Express Pipeline.[1] The transaction is the first financial close[2] of a U.S. LNG export project since Venture Global’s Calcasieu Pass facility in August 2019. It is also the largest project financing in the world closed to date in 2022. The first phase of Plaquemines is expected to export up to 13.33 million metric tons of LNG per year. The LNG facility has received all necessary permits, including authorization from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) and non-free trade agreement export authorization from the Department of Energy (DOE). Additionally, Venture Global has executed 20-year agreements for 80% of the full project. Phase one customers include PGNiG, Sinopec, CNOOC, Shell, and EDF, and phase two customers announced to date include ExxonMobil, PETRONAS, and New Fortress Energy. Lenders included Bank of America, Goldman Sachs Bank, and JPMorgan Chase Bank.

[1] https://venturegloballng.com/press/venture-global-announces-final-investment-decision-and-financial-close-for-plaquemines-lng/

[2] “Financial close” occurs when all the project and financing agreements have been signed, all conditions on those agreements have been met, and work can start on the project.

[USA] MISO proposes assigning incumbent utilities certain transmission projects

Under a proposal filed with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) on May 25, 2022, by the Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO), incumbent utilities in the grid operator’s footprint could build certain transmission projects without a competitive bidding process.[1] The grid operator proposes that if at least 80% of a project’s costs come from upgrades to the existing system, MISO will assign the transmission project to incumbent utilities. According to MISO. FERC approved a similar proposal from Southwest Power Pool (SPP) in 2014 that included an 80% cost threshold.

MISO claims that the revision would facilitate its Long Range Transmission Plan (LRTP) initiative. The MISO board is expected to approve the first of the LRTP projects (LRTP Tranche 1) on July 25, 2022. LRTP Tranche 1 is a set of transmission lines that could support about 53 GW of wind, solar, hybrid, and stand-alone battery projects. MISO said that the LRTP plan could be delayed if projects that involve upgrading existing facilities are subject to a competitive bidding process. Challenges include designing, permitting, and maintaining the facilities. According to the grid operator, the proposal still allows “significant opportunity” for competitive transmission development in the pending buildout. Based on a preliminary review, some “short segments” and conductor-only projects would likely be open to competitive bidding. In the proposal, MISO requested that the commission approve the proposal by July 25, 2022.

[1] https://elibrary.ferc.gov/eLibrary/filedownload?fileid=2dc38a07-70f0-cb85-9c76-80fcc3900000

[USA] Pennsylvania to apply for federal funding to establish a hydrogen hub

On May 17, 2022, Pennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf (D) announced that the state is working to establish a Regional Clean Hydrogen Hub funded under the 2021 Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA).[1] The IIJA allocates $8 billion for four hydrogen hubs in the U.S. to expand the use of clean hydrogen in the industrial sector. The law requires that at least two of these hubs are located in regions with the highest natural gas resources, such as Pennsylvania. According to the Energy Information Administration (EIA), Pennsylvania is the second-largest producer of natural gas and the third-largest producer of coal in the U.S.[2] The state also has sizeable industrial and manufacturing industries, which could help it succeed as a hydrogen hub. The clean hydrogen hub could bring more jobs to the state, as well as help it reduce its emissions. Pennsylvania currently ranks fourth in carbon dioxide emissions from the energy sector, according to the EIA. The Department of Energy (DOE) expects that applications for the hydrogen hub funding will open later this summer.

[1] https://dced.pa.gov/newsroom/gov-wolf-announces-aggressive-push-to-secure-clean-hydrogen-hub-in-pennsylvania/

[2] https://www.eia.gov/state/?sid=PA

[USA] Report: Drought and capacity shortfalls pose summer energy grid reliability risks

According to the North American Electric Reliability Corp.’s (NERC) 2022 Summer Reliability Assessment, released on May 18, 2022, the central and Western U.S. face an increased risk of energy shortfalls this summer due to predicted extreme heat and drought conditions.[1] The Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO), the grid operator in the central Midwest, faces the highest risk and could face a resource shortfall during normal conditions due to higher peak demand and declining resource commitments. The Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT), the Southwest Power Pool (SPP), the California Independent System Operator (CAISO), and the rest of the Western U.S. are also at elevated risk of outages during above-normal conditions. In Texas, for example, extreme peak demand, low wind, and high rates of outages from thermal generators may require emergency procedures. California and parts of the West are also at risk due to drought and extreme heat.

Aside from extreme heat and drought conditions, grid operators must also contend with cyber threats, a shortage of fuel and non-fuel coal generation inputs, and wildfire. The reliability assessment also highlighted the major risks associated with the unexpected tripping of wind and solar farm power inverters during normal grid disturbances, such as a lightning strike. NERC cited incidents of losses of solar generation between May and August 2021 in California and Texas. NERC is currently developing new rules to address this issue.

[1] https://www.nerc.com/pa/RAPA/ra/Reliability%20Assessments%20DL/NERC_SRA_2022.pdf

[USA] California considers target of 3 GW of offshore wind by 2030

In a draft report released on May 6, 2022, by the California Energy Commission (CEC), CEC staff recommend building 3 GW of offshore wind by 2030 and between 10 GW and 15 GW by 2045.[1] Given that the offshore wind industry could see technology developments and subsequent cost declines, the draft report suggests the potential of up to 20 GW between 2045 and 2050. This amount is the largest long-term offshore wind goal, surpassing New York’s 9 GW target for 2035. The draft report stems from the 2021 Assembly Bill 525, which directed the CEC to establish offshore wind planning goals for 2030 and 2045. The legislation also required the agency to develop a strategic plan for offshore wind resources by mid-2023.

The CEC said that it is in the process of identifying suitable sea space in federal waters, which could change the outlined planning goals. The road map also noted that one point of uncertainty is the availability of federal tax credits in the future. Currently, offshore wind projects that start construction before 2025 can receive the 30% investment tax credit (ITC), but after 2025 Congress would need to extend the ITC. According to the draft report, the ITC could bring the cost of projects from the $60-$70 MWh range down to $40-$50 per MWh.

[1] https://efiling.energy.ca.gov/GetDocument.aspx?tn=242970&DocumentContentId=76566

[USA] DOE launches $2.5 billion fund to modernize and expand capacity of the grid

On May 10, 2022, the Department of Energy (DOE) issued a Request for Information (RFI) requesting public input on the structure of the $2.5 billion Transmission Facilitation Program (TFP).[1] The TFP was created by the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) to help build out critical transmission lines. The new program part of the DOE’s roughly $20 billion Building a Better Grid initiative, which was created under the IIJA. The IIJA allows the DOE to borrow $2.5 billion from the treasury to assist in the construction of transmission lines through loans from the DOE, DOE participation in public-private partnerships, and capacity contracts eligible projects in which DOE would serve as an “anchor customer.”

The first solicitation will be limited to applicants seeking capacity contracts for projects that will begin operation no later than December 31, 2027. Through the capacity contracts, the DOE will commit to purchasing up to 50% of the maximum capacity of the transmission line for up to 40 years. The goal is for the DOE to buy capacity until customer demand has increased enough to cover those costs. Then DOE will then remarket the capacity and thereby replenish the fund. The DOE plans to issue a second solicitation from its TFP in early 2023 that will incorporate loans and public-private partnerships in addition to capacity contracts.

[1] https://www.energy.gov/articles/biden-administration-launches-25-billion-fund-modernize-and-expand-capacity-americas-power

[USA] U.S. gas prices reach all-time high

On May 11, 2022, gasoline and diesel fuel prices in the U.S. reached an all-time high.[1] According to the American Automobile Association (AAA), the nationwide average price for regular gasoline was $4.40/gallon, a roughly $0.17 increase from the previous week. Diesel prices hit $5.55/gallon. The price increase comes just two months after the last record-breaking prices were recorded. A year ago, gasoline was $2.99/gallon and diesel was $3.13/gallon. According to the Energy Information Administration (EIA), increasing prices are likely due to decreasing gasoline inventories.[2] Total U.S. gasoline inventories decreased by 8.2 million barrels (3.5%) from March to April, partially due to increased driving. The EIA estimates that gasoline consumption increased to 8.7 million barrels/day in April, a 1% increase from March. Gasoline prices at the pump will likely face upward pressure as oil prices remain above $105/barrel.

[1] https://gasprices.aaa.com/

[2] https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/steo/marketreview/petproducts.php

[USA] FERC rejects MISO self-fund rule for merchant HVDC line upgrades

On April 29, 2022, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) voted 4-1 to reject the Midcontinent Independent System Operator’s (MISO) proposal to allow incumbent transmission owners in the region to pay for and profit on grid updates needed for merchant high-voltage direct current (HVDC) lines.[1] The proposal, filed in November 2021, centered around upgrades needed for merchant HVDC lines, which are paid for by entities using the line rather than utility customers. The proposal built on a similar FERC decision in 2019 that restored transmission owners’ option to self-fund network upgrades before interconnection customers are offered the chance to finance it. MISO argued that merchant HVDC line-related upgrades should be treated similarly to interconnection-related network upgrades because both types of projects require upgrades that would not be needed if not for the projects.

In its decision to reject MISO’s proposed self-fund rule, FERC said that MISO failed to show how the expansion of the self-fund rule to merchant HCDV line upgrades wasn’t discriminatory. According to FERC, the upgrades are not identical because MISO would not offer all available funding options to merchant HVDC developers when they haven’t secured injection rights[2]. Commissioner James Danly (R) dissented, saying that the other commissioners’ decision “denies the transmission owners’ right to receive a return on and of the capital costs of network upgrades, necessary upgrades, and transmission owner system protection facilities.”

[1] https://elibrary.ferc.gov/eLibrary/filedownload?fileid=2b8979ce-11e6-cb9e-856b-8077d7500000

[2] Injection rights are rights to inject capacity at a specified point on the transmission system.

[USA] PG&E announces comprehensive hydrogen study and demonstration facility

On May 2, 2022, Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) announced that it is launching a comprehensive end-to-end hydrogen study and demonstration facility to examine the potential of zero-carbon hydrogen as a renewable energy source.[1] Called Hydrogen to Infinity, the study will blend hydrogen and natural gas in a standalone transmission pipeline system. The facility will allow PG&E and its partners (Northern California Power Agency (NCPA), Siemens Energy, the City of Lodi, GHD Inc., and the University of California at Riverside) to conduct a study of different levels of hydrogen blends in a natural gas pipeline that is independent from its current natural gas transmission system. The 130-acre facility in Lodi, California will also allow for a controlled and safe study of hydrogen injection, storage, and combustion of different hydrogen blends in several end-uses. NCPA’s Lodi Energy Center power plant, located near Hydrogen to Infinity, will accept a hydrogen-natural gas blend for electric generation in the Siemens Energy 5000F4 Gas Turbine.

The project will focus on several areas, including technical, operational, and safety needs; market development; energy resiliency and flexibility; commercial and government partnerships; unprecedented functional test environment for ongoing research; and training environment for new technology. The utility is considering this facility being the centerpiece for a potential Northern California Hydrogen Hub.

[1] https://www.pge.com/en_US/about-pge/media-newsroom/news-details.page?pageID=66b8ed99-3175-48da-95d6-1a1fde0a4f18&ts=1651764930381

[USA] Rivian secures $1.5 billion in incentives from Georgia

The Georgia Department of Economic Development (GDEcD), in partnership with the Joint Development Authorities (JDA) of several counties, announced on May 2, 2022, that an Economic Development Agreement has been signed with Rivian Automotives to move forward on the company’s electric vehicle (EV) assembly plant at the East Atlanta Megasite.[1] The $5 billion plant is expected to produce 400,000 trucks and SUVs a year. Under the agreement, Georgia will provide $1.5 billion in state and local incentives and tax credits. For example, the state will fund a $62 million training center and a roughly $27 million training program.

To meet the terms of the agreement, Rivian is required to create 7,500 jobs, which are expected to pay an average annual salary of $56,000. Rivian must also spend the bulk of its $5 billion direct investment by the end of 2028. As part of this investment, the EV manufacturer must make more than $300 million in payments in lieu of taxes over 25 years to the JDA of Jasper, Morgan, Newton & Walton Counties. These payments will start in 2023 with a payment of $1.5 million and escalate in steps over 25 years. If employment falls 20% below the promised level, Rivian must make all of its payments at once. The company plans to start construction in summer 2022 and open in late 2024.

[1] https://www.georgia.org/sites/default/files/2022-05/rivian_eda_signed_05.02.2022.pdf

https://www.georgia.org/sites/default/files/2022-05/rivian_incentives_-_executive_summary.pdf

[USA] Florida Governor vetoes bill to revise net metering laws

On April 27, 2022, Florida Governor Ron DeSantis (R) vetoed House Bill (HB) 741/Senate Bill (SB) 1024, which proposed revising existing laws for net metering and was passed by the state legislature in March 2022.[1] Net metering is a tool that gives rooftop solar owners a credit for excess energy that they produce and send back to the grid. HB 741 would have directed the Public Service Commission (PSC) to adopt a new program for rooftop solar owners by 2029 that would change net metering requirements and have solar owners pay the full cost of electric service instead of being "subsidized" by non-net metering customers. The bill would have also allowed utilities to recoup fees by petitioning the PSC to ensure “that the public utility covers the fixed costs of serving customers who engage in net metering.” Governor DeSantis cited the potential cost increases in his rejection. The governor wrote that Florida “should not contribute to the financial crunch that our citizens are experiencing,” referring to nationwide inflation.

[1] https://www.flgov.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/4.27.22-Veto-Transmittal-Letter.pdf

[Japan] Major train company in Japan announces switch to 100% renewable energy

As reported in Associated Press (AP) on April 27, 2022, Tokyu Railways’ network of seven train lines and one tram service was switched to renewable energy sources starting April 1, 2022.[1] Green energy is being used at all of its stations, including for vending machines, camera screens, and lighting. Tokyu employs 3,855 people and connects Tokyo with Yokohama. The company operates more than 64 miles of railway tracks serving 2.2 million people per day. It is the first railroad operator in Japan to have reached 100% clean energy. The company says the carbon dioxide reduction is equal to the annual average emissions of 56,000 households. According to AP, the train operator paid an undisclosed amount to Tokyo Electric Power Co. (TEPCO) for certification of its use of renewables. The renewable sources used for Tokyu’s operations include hydropower, geothermal, wind, and solar according to TEPCO. Tokyu Assistant Manager Yoshimasa Kitano said, “We don't see this as reaching our goal but just a start.”

[1] https://apnews.com/article/technology-science-business-yokohama-japan-e16b51384eed8be69c10cc11d0810a4e

[USA] Biden administration reverses Trump-era plan for the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska

On April 25, 2022, the Department of the Interior announced that it has signed a new management plan for the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (NPR-A), a 23 million-acre area on Alaska’s North Slope.[1] The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) says that the plan “balances protection of special areas and wildlife habitat with responsible resource development.” The BLM had announced in January 2022 that it would review the integrated activity plan (IAP) for the area. The final decision reverses a Trump-era plan that had opened 82% of the NPR-A’s land to oil and gas leasing. The new plan reinstates the previous management plan, which was put into place by the Obama administration in 2013. The new IAP protects about half of the reserves lands, including caribou and avian habitats, from oil and gas leasing. It also includes new requirements for potential oil and gas drilling, such as revised operating standards to protect endangered species. The BLM has held a yearly oil auction in the NPR-A since 2010, with the exception of 2020 when oil and gas prices were low due to the pandemic.

[1] https://www.blm.gov/press-release/following-january-announcement-bureau-land-management-issues-record-decision-national

[USA] New York approves transmission contracts for Clean Path NY and Champlain Hudson Power Express projects

New York Governor Kathy Hochul (D) announced on April 14, 2022, that the New York Public Service Commission (PSC) approved contracts with Clean Path New York for its Clean Path NY (CPNY) project and H.Q. Energy Services for its Champlain Hudson Power Express (CHPE) project to deliver solar, wind, and hydroelectric power from upstate New York and Canada to New York City.[1] CPNY is scheduled to come online in 2027 and will connect resources in the upstate and western regions of the state to NYC. CHPE is expected to come online in 2025 and will deliver power from Canada. State officials said that by 2030, the two projects will reduce NYC’s need for fossil fuel generation by 50%. Governor Hochul said the approval of the contracts is "a major step forward” in achieving the state’s goal of producing 70% of its electricity from renewable resources by 2030. The projects are also expected to deliver up to $5.8 billion in overall societal benefits and $8.2 billion in economic development across the state.

[1] https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-hochul-announces-approval-contracts-deliver-clean-renewable-electricity-new-york-city

[USA] OPG and TVA to partner on new nuclear technology development

Ontario Power Generation (OPG) and the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) announced on April 19, 2022, that they will collaborate to build small modular reactors (SMRs) at their Darlington and Clinch River sites, respectively.[1] The agreement allows the companies to coordinate their explorations into the design, licensing, construction, and operation of SMRs. The collaboration will not include exchanges of funding, but the agreement will be mutually beneficial by reducing the financial risks of innovating new technology while taking advantage of the company’s experience, the press release said. OPG and TVA are both government-owned utilities with fleets that include nuclear and hydroelectric. Both utilities are also actively exploring SMR technologies. OPG plans to deploy an SMR at its Darlington nuclear facility, the only location in Canada licensed for new nuclear with all environmental assessments completed. TVA holds the only Nuclear Regulatory Commission Early Site Permit in the U.S. for SMR deployment at its Clinch River site in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

[1] https://www.tva.com/newsroom/press-releases/opg-tva-partner-on-new-nuclear-technology-development

[World] Amazon on path to reach 100% renewable energy five years ahead of schedule

On April 20, 2022, Amazon announced that it has secured 37 new renewable energy projects totaling 3.5 GW of capacity, expanding the company’s renewable energy portfolio by nearly 30%.[1] The projects put the company on a path to reach 100% renewable energy by 2025, five years ahead of the original target of 2030. The projects are located across the U.S., Spain, France, Australia, Canada, India, Japan, and the United Arab Emirates. The projects include three wind farms, 26 solar farms, and eight rooftop solar installations. Twenty-three of these projects will be located in the U.S., spread out across 13 states. This includes a 500 MW solar farm in Texas, Amazon’s largest renewable energy project (by capacity) announced to date. The new projects also include a 300 MW solar project paired with 150 MW of battery storage in Arizona and a 150 MW solar project paired with 75 MW of battery storage in California. Amazon now has a total of 310 renewable energy projects, which, once operational, are expected to produce 42,000 gigawatt hours (GWh) of renewable energy annually.

[1] https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amazon-extends-position-worlds-largest-corporate-buyer-renewable

[USA] Cleco to retrofit large Louisiana power plant with CCS

Louisiana Governor John Bel Edwards (D) and the President and CEO of Cleco Corporate Holdings announced on April 11, 2022, that Cleco will invest $900 million to reduce carbon emissions at the largest of its nine electric generation units in Louisiana, Madison-3 at Brame Energy Center in Lena, LA.[1] Currently, the plant is fueled 70% by petroleum coke and 30% by Illinois Basin coal. Cleco Power, which serves 291,000 customers in Louisiana, will retrofit the Madison-3 plant with carbon capture technology to remove 95% or more of the plant’s carbon emissions. Named the “Diamond Vault,” the project plans to store the captured carbon in deep geological formations beneath the power plant. The company estimates that the project will create 30 to 40 direct new jobs and an average of 1,100 construction jobs over a three-year period.

Cleco will receive a $9 million congressional appropriation to help cover the cost of a front-end engineering and design (FEED) study. Cleco plans to raise capital for the project through tax credits, Department of Energy grants, and private equity investment. Construction is projected to begin by the end of 2025, and commercial operation is expected to begin no later than 2028.

[1] https://www.opportunitylouisiana.com/led-news/news-releases/news/2022/04/11/gov.-edwards-cleco-announce-$900-million-emissions-reduction-project-at-central-louisiana-power-facility

[USA] Government agencies warn of new malware with implications for critical infrastructure

On April 13, 2022, the Department of Energy (DOE), the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), the National Security Agency (NSA), and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) released a joint Cybersecurity Advisory (CSA) warning of a newly discovered malware targeting the systems that control electricity and natural gas infrastructure.[1] The CSA said the new malware has a modular architecture and is able to conduct highly automated attacks against critical infrastructure. The CSA warns that it could enable lower-skilled cyber actors to emulate higher-skilled capabilities. The malware has a wide range of uses, including initial infiltration, reconnaissance, uploading malicious configuration or code to the targeted device, backing up or restoring device contents, and modifying device parameters.

In the announcement, the government agencies urged critical infrastructure companies, particularly those in the energy sector, to implement the CSA’s detection and mitigation recommendations. These recommendations include enforcing multifactor authentication for remote access and having a cyber incident response plan. The government announcement credited Dragos, Mandiant, Microsoft, Palo Alto Networks, and Schneider Electric SE with helping to discover and analyze the malware. Cybersecurity firms Dragos and Mandiant have also published their own respective reports on the malware.

[1] https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/alerts/aa22-103a